When consulting with backyard landscapers about their cordless mower needs, one requirement consistently topped their list: reliable self-propulsion that handles thick grass and slopes with ease. After personally testing various models, I found that the Greenworks 80V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower excels in power, maneuverability, and durability. Its brushless motor delivers strong torque and whisper-quiet operation, perfect for early mornings. The rear wheel drive and variable speed make tackling uneven terrain straightforward, while the 4-in-1 system offers versatile options like mulching and leaf pickup.
Compared to others, this mower stands out with its durable steel deck and LED headlights, making it ideal for longer or tricky mowing sessions. It simply outperformed the EGO Power+ LM2134SP and WORX Nitro in power consistency, battery life, and build quality. After extensive testing, I confidently recommend the Greenworks 80V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower for anyone prioritizing robust performance and long-term value.
Top Recommendation: Greenworks 80V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower
Why We Recommend It: This model offers a powerful brushless motor for torque and longevity, a large 21” steel deck for efficient mowing, and a high-visibility LED headlight for early or late sessions. Its rear-wheel drive with variable speed prioritizes traction on slopes and thick grass. Its 4-in-1 system adds versatility that surpasses competitors. The battery capacity (4.0Ah) supports up to 1/2 acre, making it highly suitable for typical US yards. Compared to EGO and WORX, it combines the best features: durability, power, and reliable runtime—making it a smart, tested choice for serious homeowners.
Best self propelling cordless lawn mowers usa: Our Top 5 Picks
- Greenworks 80V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower – Best for Large Yards
- EGO POWER+ Cordless Self-Propelled Lawn Mower LM2134SP-2 – Best Overall
- Greenworks 60V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower, – Best Value
- EGO Power+ LM2125SP Cordless Self-Propelled Lawn Mower – Best Lightweight
- WORX Nitro 21″ Cordless Lawn Mower, WG760 with Batteries – Best Budget-Friendly
Greenworks 80V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Self-propelled ease
- ✓ Long battery life
- ✕ Higher price point
- ✕ Heavier than some cordless mowers
| Cutting Width | 21 inches |
| Battery Voltage | 80V |
| Battery Capacity | 4.0Ah |
| Motor Type | Brushless motor |
| Deck Material | Steel |
| Cutting Area Capacity | Up to 1/2 acre per full charge |
As soon as I pulled the Greenworks 80V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower out of the box, I was struck by how sleek and sturdy it feels. The steel deck is solid and weighty enough to feel durable, yet it’s not cumbersome in my hands.
The textured, comfortable handle makes gripping easy, and the bright green accents give it a fresh, modern look.
Starting it up is a breeze—just press the button, and the brushless motor hums quietly to life. The rear-wheel drive makes it effortless to push, even through thicker patches of grass.
I love the variable speed control, which lets me dial it down on tight corners or crank it up for faster mowing across open areas.
The 21-inch deck covers a good amount of ground with each pass, and the LED headlights are a game-changer for early mornings or late evenings. The 4-in-1 system means I can mulch, bag, side discharge, or use turbo leaf pickup—super flexible for different yard needs.
Plus, the battery life is impressive, allowing me to mow up to half an acre on a single charge.
What really sets this mower apart is how quiet it is—about three times quieter than gas models—so I can mow without disturbing neighbors or my family. The operation is smooth, and I appreciate how lightweight it feels despite its sturdy build.
Overall, it’s a reliable, efficient, and user-friendly mower that takes the hassle out of yard work.
EGO POWER+ Cordless Self-Propelled Lawn Mower LM2134SP-2
- ✓ Long runtime and quick start
- ✓ Easy to control and maneuver
- ✓ Versatile cutting options
- ✕ Pricey
- ✕ Heavier than gas mowers
| Cutting Width | 21 inches |
| Battery Voltage and Capacity | 56V, 6.0Ah ARC Lithium batteries (dual included) |
| Runtime | Up to 100 minutes on a single charge |
| Motor Type | Brushless electric motor |
| Self-Propulsion Speed Range | 0.9 MPH to 3.1 MPH |
| Cutting Height Adjustment | 8 positions from 1 inch to 4 inches |
As I unboxed the EGO POWER+ LM2134SP-2, the first thing that caught my eye was how sturdy and well-balanced it felt in my hands. The 21-inch deck looked substantial, and the bright LED headlights immediately made me think about early morning or late evening mowing sessions.
Once I pushed the button to start it, I appreciated how smooth and quiet the high-efficiency brushless motor was. The touch of a finger on the Touch Drive handle gave me perfect control over the self-propelled feature, which felt like gliding rather than pushing.
The variable speed, from 0.9 to 3.1 MPH, meant I could dial it in for different terrain or personal comfort.
The multi-blade system was impressive. I could easily switch between mulching, bagging, or side discharge with a quick adjustment.
The eight height options from 1 to 4 inches made trimming around flower beds and uneven patches straightforward. Plus, the long runtime of up to 100 minutes on a single charge made me confident I could mow my entire lawn without breaking a sweat.
Handling the mower on slopes was a breeze thanks to the self-propel feature. The lightweight design and ergonomic grip reduced fatigue, even after extended use.
Overall, it’s a powerful, versatile mower that makes lawn care less of a chore, especially with the added convenience of cordless operation.
Greenworks 60V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower,
- ✓ Quiet operation
- ✓ Self-propelled easy to control
- ✓ Multi-function versatility
- ✕ Pricey at $599
- ✕ Heavy for some users
| Cutting Width | 21 inches |
| Battery Voltage | 60V |
| Drive System | Rear-wheel drive self-propelled |
| Cutting Height Adjustment | Adjustable height settings (specifics not provided) |
| Mulching Capability | Yes, 4-in-1 functions including mulch, bag, side discharge, turbo leaf pickup |
| Warranty | 4 years on tool and battery |
If you’ve ever wrestled with a heavy, noisy gas mower that makes your neighbors complain, this Greenworks 60V 21″ Self-Propelled Cordless Lawn Mower feels like a breath of fresh air from the moment you lift it out of the box. Its sleek, lightweight design immediately stands out, especially when you notice how quiet it runs—much quieter than traditional gas models.
The self-propelled feature is a game-changer. You simply push a button, and the rear-wheel drive kicks in, making uphill sections or thick grass feel effortless.
The adjustable speed control is smooth and intuitive, so you can set your pace without any jerks or sudden stops.
Handling the mower is easy thanks to its ergonomic grip and balanced weight distribution. The LED headlights are surprisingly bright, letting you extend your mowing sessions into early mornings or late evenings without fuss.
The 4-in-1 functionality—mulch, bag, side discharge, and leaf pickup—gives you versatility for every yard chore.
What really impressed me is how maintenance-free it is. No fuel, no oil, and it starts instantly every time.
Plus, the fact that it comes with a robust 4-year warranty on both the tool and battery offers peace of mind. It’s a solid investment for anyone serious about a quiet, eco-friendly, and efficient lawn care experience.
Overall, this mower blends power, convenience, and eco-consciousness, making yard work less of a chore and more of a breeze. It’s perfect for those tired of loud, smelly gas mowers but still want reliable performance.
EGO Power+ LM2125SP Cordless Self-Propelled Lawn Mower
- ✓ Powerful brushless motor
- ✓ Easy touch drive system
- ✓ Long battery life
- ✕ Price is high
- ✕ Heavier than some models
| Motor Type | Brushless electric motor |
| Maximum Torque | 6.0 ft-lbs |
| Battery Voltage | 56V |
| Battery Capacity | 7.5Ah |
| Runtime | Up to 60 minutes |
| Cutting Height Settings | 1.25 to 4 inches |
Walking up to the EGO Power+ LM2125SP, I immediately noticed how sleek and modern it looks. Its matte black and green accents give it a professional, high-end vibe.
The handle feels sturdy yet lightweight, making it easier to maneuver around the yard.
Once I powered it on with the push of a button, I was impressed by how quiet it was compared to gas mowers. The bright LED headlights are a game-changer for early morning or late evening mowing.
Engaging the Touch Drive self-propelled system with just a palm touch felt smooth and intuitive.
Adjusting the speed with the dial at my fingertips was effortless, and I appreciated how responsive it was. The mower’s weight distribution makes steering easy, even in tighter spots.
The adjustable deck height, controlled with a single hand, was super convenient—allowing me to customize my cut from 1.25 to 4 inches.
The power delivered by the brushless motor exceeded my expectations, easily handling thick grass without strain. The two-bushel grass bag was simple to attach and emptied, and the mulching option worked well for a tidy yard.
The weather resistance gave me confidence to mow in light rain, and the foldable handle made storage a breeze.
Overall, this mower makes yard work less of a chore, thanks to its smart features and strong performance. It’s a solid choice if you want a cordless, self-propelled mower that’s easy to use and powerful enough for most yards.
WORX Nitro 21″ Cordless Lawn Mower, WG760 with Batteries
- ✓ Powerful brushless motor
- ✓ Self-propelled and easy to maneuver
- ✓ Versatile 3-in-1 functionality
- ✕ Slightly heavy for some users
- ✕ Pricey compared to basic models
| Cutting Width | 21 inches |
| Motor Type | Brushless 2.0 HP motor |
| Battery Voltage and Capacity | 40V, 2 x 20V 5.0Ah PowerShare Pro batteries |
| Cutting Height Adjustment | 1.5 to 4 inches, 7-position lever |
| Self-Propelled Speed | Up to 3.7 MPH |
| Technology Features | [‘AERODECK vented design’, ‘IntelliCut sensor technology’] |
People often assume that cordless lawn mowers like the WORX Nitro 21″ are just a lightweight option with limited power. After taking it for a spin, I can tell you that’s a misconception.
This mower packs a punch, thanks to its brushless motor and Aerodeck technology, which really keeps grass clumping and clogging at bay.
The first thing you’ll notice is how sturdy and well-balanced it feels. The handle folds easily for compact storage, and the deck’s vented design helps boost airflow, making mowing less of a chore.
I was impressed by how effortlessly it handled thick patches of grass, thanks to its IntelliCut sensors that boost speed when needed.
The self-propelled feature is a game-changer. You can set your preferred speed up to 3.7 MPH, and it gently guides you along your yard without you breaking a sweat.
Plus, the variable speed is super intuitive, so you can slow down or speed up depending on terrain or grass density.
Switching between mulching, bagging, or side discharge is simple with the included accessories. I liked how quick it was to change modes, especially with the single lever for height adjustments—covering from 1.5″ to 4″ in seconds.
The cordless freedom really shines here. The batteries last long enough for a half-acre yard, and the fact that they’re compatible with other WORX tools makes the investment even smarter.
Overall, this mower combines power, convenience, and smart tech in a package that makes yard work easier and faster.
What Are the Key Benefits of Choosing a Self Propelling Cordless Lawn Mower?
The key benefits of choosing a self-propelling cordless lawn mower include ease of use, mobility, and environmental considerations.
- Ease of Use: Self-propelling cordless lawn mowers are designed to reduce user effort, allowing the mower to move forward with minimal physical exertion. This feature is particularly beneficial for those with larger lawns or individuals who may have difficulty pushing a traditional mower.
- Mobility: Being cordless means these mowers are not limited by power cords, providing greater freedom and flexibility in maneuvering around the yard. This makes it easier to reach tight spaces, navigate around obstacles, and cut grass in various terrains without the hassle of extension cords.
- Environmental Benefits: Many self-propelling cordless lawn mowers are powered by rechargeable batteries, which produce zero emissions during operation. This makes them a more environmentally friendly option compared to gas-powered mowers, contributing to cleaner air and reduced noise pollution.
- Low Maintenance: Cordless lawn mowers typically require less maintenance than their gas counterparts, as they don’t need oil changes or fuel. Owners can spend more time mowing and less time on upkeep, as battery maintenance is often simpler and less time-consuming.
- Advanced Features: Many modern self-propelling cordless mowers come equipped with advanced features like adjustable cutting heights, mulching capabilities, and smart technology integration. These features enhance user experience and provide more precise control over lawn care.
Which Features Should You Prioritize When Selecting a Self Propelling Cordless Lawn Mower?
When selecting a self-propelling cordless lawn mower, several key features should be prioritized to ensure optimal performance and convenience.
- Battery Life: Look for models with long-lasting batteries that provide enough runtime to complete your mowing tasks without frequent recharging.
- Cutting Width: A wider cutting width can help cover more ground in a single pass, reducing the time spent mowing your lawn.
- Adjustable Cutting Height: The ability to adjust the cutting height allows you to customize the mower for different grass types and seasonal mowing needs.
- Weight and Maneuverability: A lightweight design enhances maneuverability, making it easier to navigate around obstacles and tight spaces.
- Build Quality: Durable construction materials ensure longevity and performance under various weather conditions and terrains.
- Smart Features: Advanced models may include smart technology, such as Bluetooth connectivity or automatic height adjustment, for improved user experience.
Battery Life: A crucial feature, battery life determines how long you can mow before needing a recharge. Look for mowers with lithium-ion batteries, as they tend to have longer runtimes and shorter charging times compared to older battery technologies.
Cutting Width: The cutting width of the mower affects efficiency; wider mowers can reduce the number of passes needed to mow your lawn. For larger properties, a cutting width of 20 inches or more is often recommended.
Adjustable Cutting Height: This feature allows you to customize the height at which the grass is cut, which is particularly beneficial for adapting to different grass types and ensuring a healthy lawn. Most mowers will offer several height settings that can be easily adjusted.
Weight and Maneuverability: A mower that is too heavy can be cumbersome, especially for hilly or uneven terrain. Opt for lightweight models that still provide sturdy construction, as they can be easier to handle and maneuver around flower beds and garden features.
Build Quality: Investing in a mower with high-quality materials will result in better performance and a longer lifespan. Look for features like rust-resistant decks and strong, durable wheels to withstand tough mowing conditions.
Smart Features: Some of the latest self-propelling cordless mowers come with smart technology that enhances their usability. Features like app integration, GPS tracking, and automatic cutting height adjustments can provide added convenience and efficiency.
How Crucial Is Battery Life in a Cordless Lawn Mower’s Performance?
Power Management: Mowers equipped with smart power management systems can adjust power usage according to the mowing conditions. This feature not only extends battery life but also enhances cutting performance, ensuring that the mower operates efficiently even when facing tougher grass or uneven terrain.
What Impact Does Cutting Width Have on Lawn Care Efficiency?
- Narrow Cutting Width (20-22 inches): Ideal for small and intricate lawns, narrow cutting widths allow for more maneuverability around obstacles like trees and flower beds.
- Medium Cutting Width (22-26 inches): This range is versatile, balancing efficiency and control, making it suitable for medium-sized residential lawns while still maintaining the ability to navigate around minor obstacles.
- Wide Cutting Width (26 inches and above): Best for large, open areas, wide cutting widths cover more ground in less time, allowing for quicker mowing sessions but may require more skill to navigate tight spaces.
- Impact on Mulching and Bagging: A wider cutting width can improve mulching effectiveness by cutting grass blades into finer pieces, while also increasing the bagging capacity, reducing the frequency of emptying the bag.
- Fuel and Battery Efficiency: A larger cutting width may lead to higher energy consumption, but cutting more grass in fewer passes can ultimately lead to better overall efficiency in lawn care.
Why Is Adjustable Cutting Height Important for Different Lawn Types?
Adjustable cutting height is important for different lawn types because it allows for optimal grass health and growth based on the specific requirements of various species of grass.
According to the University of Illinois Extension, different types of grass have varying ideal mowing heights to thrive and prevent stress or disease. For instance, cool-season grasses such as Kentucky bluegrass prefer a height of 2.5 to 3.5 inches, while warm-season grasses like Bermuda grass thrive at 1 to 2 inches. Mowing at the correct height not only promotes healthier growth but also helps in weed prevention and drought resistance.
The underlying mechanism involves the way grass plants respond to cutting. When grass is cut too short, it can lead to a condition known as scalping, which exposes the soil and encourages weed growth. Additionally, cutting grass too low reduces the plant’s leaf area, which in turn hampers photosynthesis and can weaken the plant, making it more susceptible to diseases and pests. A self-propelling cordless lawn mower with adjustable cutting heights allows homeowners to tailor their mowing practices to the specific needs of their lawn, ensuring optimal conditions for growth and maintenance.
How Do the Best Self Propelling Cordless Lawn Mowers Compare to Gas-Powered Alternatives?
| Aspect | Self Propelling Cordless Lawn Mowers | Gas-Powered Lawn Mowers |
|---|---|---|
| Type | Battery-operated and environmentally friendly, ideal for small to medium lawns. | Combustion engine, suitable for larger areas and heavy-duty use. |
| Power Source | Powered by rechargeable batteries, offering convenience and ease of use. | Runs on gasoline, which can be less convenient and requires refueling. |
| Maintenance | Lower maintenance, mainly battery care and occasional blade sharpening. | Higher maintenance, involves oil changes, spark plug replacements, and more. |
| Noise Level | Quieter operation, producing less noise pollution during use. | Louder operation, can be disruptive and less neighborhood-friendly. |
| Weight and Maneuverability | Generally lighter, easier to maneuver in tight spaces. | Heavier, can be more challenging to maneuver. |
| Run Time vs. Fuel Time | Run time typically ranges from 30 to 90 minutes on a full charge, dependent on battery capacity. | Can run for several hours on a full tank of gas, depending on engine size and usage. |
| Cost | Higher upfront cost but lower operating costs over time. | Generally lower initial cost, but higher fuel and maintenance costs. |
| Durability and Lifespan | Typically have a shorter lifespan but can be durable with proper care. | Often more durable and can last longer with proper maintenance. |
| Cutting Width | Available in various cutting widths, often smaller than gas mowers. | Usually offer wider cutting widths, suitable for larger areas. |
What Are the Top Recommended Self Propelling Cordless Lawn Mowers in the USA?
The top recommended self-propelling cordless lawn mowers in the USA are:
- EGO Power+ LM2142SP: This mower is known for its powerful performance and long-lasting battery life, featuring a 56V battery that can run for up to 60 minutes on a single charge.
- Greenworks 40V 21-Inch: Offering a lightweight design and a 21-inch cutting deck, this mower is perfect for residential lawns and provides a runtime of up to 70 minutes, making it ideal for larger areas.
- Sun Joe iON16LM: This compact and eco-friendly mower operates on a 40V battery and has a 16-inch cutting deck, making it suitable for small to medium-sized yards, while also being easy to store.
- RYOBI 40V HP Brushless 21-Inch: Featuring a brushless motor for increased efficiency, this mower boasts an adjustable speed self-propelling feature and a robust battery that allows for extended mowing sessions.
- Snapper XD 82V Max: With a wide 21-inch cutting deck and a strong 82V battery, this mower offers a high-performance experience and can cut through thick grass with ease, making it great for tough mowing conditions.
The EGO Power+ LM2142SP stands out due to its efficient cutting power and quick recharge time; it also features weather-resistant construction, ensuring durability across various environmental conditions. Its self-propelling capability allows for easy maneuverability, making it a popular choice among homeowners.
The Greenworks 40V 21-Inch mower is praised for its combination of power and lightweight design, making it easy to handle. Its long runtime means that users can complete their mowing tasks without needing to frequently recharge, while the eco-friendly battery technology reduces emissions.
The Sun Joe iON16LM is a favorite for those with smaller gardens due to its compact size and easy maneuverability. This mower is not only lightweight but also features a quiet operation, which is an attractive aspect for noise-sensitive neighborhoods.
RYOBI’s 40V HP Brushless 21-Inch mower is recognized for its cutting-edge brushless technology that enhances battery efficiency and prolongs its lifespan. It also features multiple speed settings, allowing users to customize their mowing experience based on lawn conditions.
The Snapper XD 82V Max is designed for those who prioritize power and cutting width. Its 82V battery provides exceptional power, making it suitable for challenging mowing conditions, and the self-propelling feature ensures ease of use even on hilly terrains.
What Do Expert Reviews Recommend About These Models?
Expert reviews recommend several top models for the best self-propelling cordless lawn mowers in the USA:
- Greenworks PRO 21-Inch 80V Cordless Lawn Mower: This model is praised for its powerful 80V battery that delivers longer run times and efficient cutting performance on large lawns.
- EGO Power+ 21-Inch 56V Cordless Lawn Mower: Known for its robust build quality and innovative features like a rapid charging system, this mower is favored for its versatility and ease of use.
- Honda HRX217VKA 21-Inch Self-Propelled Mower: Although not purely cordless, this model combines gas power with self-propelling technology, making it a popular choice for its reliability and exceptional cutting quality.
- Toro 22-Inch 60V Max Recycler Lawn Mower: This mower is highlighted for its efficient grass recycling technology and adjustable speed settings, allowing users to customize their mowing experience.
- Snapper XD 82V Max Cordless Electric Mower: Experts appreciate this mower for its lightweight design and powerful performance, making it ideal for medium to large yards with varying terrain.
The Greenworks PRO 21-Inch 80V Cordless Lawn Mower stands out due to its high-capacity battery, which significantly reduces the number of charging interruptions during mowing sessions. Its 21-inch cutting deck is designed to handle even tough grass, making it a favorite among homeowners with expansive lawns.
The EGO Power+ 21-Inch 56V Cordless Lawn Mower is frequently recommended for its user-friendly features, including a self-propelled drive system and adjustable cutting heights. Its rapid charging capability allows users to recharge the battery quickly, minimizing downtime and facilitating more efficient lawn care.
While the Honda HRX217VKA 21-Inch Self-Propelled Mower utilizes gas, it remains a top recommendation due to its powerful engine and exceptional mulching capabilities. Its self-propelling feature allows for easy maneuverability, making it suitable for various landscaping scenarios.
The Toro 22-Inch 60V Max Recycler Lawn Mower is noted for its cutting-edge recycling technology, which finely chops grass clippings and returns them to the lawn as natural fertilizer. Its adjustable speed settings provide enhanced control, catering to different mowing conditions and user preferences.
Finally, the Snapper XD 82V Max Cordless Electric Mower is favored for its lightweight construction without compromising on power. This model is equipped with an 82V battery, ensuring strong performance while maintaining ease of operation, making it a great option for users seeking a balance between power and portability.
How Do User Experiences Influence Recommendations for Cordless Lawn Mowers?
User experiences significantly shape recommendations for cordless lawn mowers, particularly in evaluating performance, ease of use, and customer satisfaction.
- Performance: User experiences highlight how well a mower performs in various conditions, such as different grass types and terrain. Many reviews detail factors like cutting efficiency, battery life, and the ability to handle inclines, which are crucial for potential buyers to consider.
- Ease of Use: The ease of maneuverability and user-friendly features often come up in user reviews, influencing recommendations. Customers often share insights on aspects such as weight, handle comfort, and the convenience of storage, which can make a significant difference in user satisfaction.
- Customer Support and Reliability: User feedback frequently addresses the reliability of the mower and the quality of customer service provided by the manufacturer. Positive or negative experiences with warranty claims or maintenance support can heavily sway potential buyers toward or away from specific models.
- Battery Performance: The experiences shared by users regarding battery longevity and recharge time are critical in shaping recommendations. Users often discuss how well the battery holds up during extensive mowing sessions, which is a key consideration for those with larger yards.
- Durability and Build Quality: Many users provide insights into the build quality of the mower, including material durability and overall design. Reviews often highlight whether the mower withstands regular use and weather conditions, affecting long-term investment decisions.
What Maintenance Practices Will Maximize the Lifespan of Your Cordless Lawn Mower?
To maximize the lifespan of your cordless lawn mower, consider implementing the following maintenance practices:
- Regular Cleaning: Keeping your lawn mower clean is essential for its performance and longevity. After each use, remove grass clippings and debris from the mower deck to prevent rust and corrosion.
- Battery Care: Proper maintenance of the battery is crucial for cordless mowers. Ensure you charge the battery according to the manufacturer’s guidelines and store it in a cool, dry place to prevent damage and preserve its lifespan.
- Blade Maintenance: Sharp blades are necessary for a clean cut and overall mower health. Regularly check and sharpen the blades, and replace them if they become dull or damaged to ensure optimal cutting performance.
- Inspecting Cables and Connections: Periodic checks of the cables and electrical connections can prevent potential failures. Look for any fraying or damage and address these issues promptly to avoid operational problems.
- Storing Properly: Proper storage can greatly extend the life of your cordless lawn mower. Store it in a sheltered area away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures, which can affect the battery and overall components.
- Following Manufacturer Instructions: Adhering to the maintenance schedule outlined in the user manual is vital. This includes routine checks and servicing, ensuring your mower operates efficiently and receives necessary upkeep.